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Flora of Ecuador

The Flora of Ecuador project has published taxonomic treatments of vascular plants occurring in mainland Ecuador, based on original research since 1973.

The project

The Flora of Ecuador project publishes taxonomic treatments of vascular plants occurring in mainland Ecuador, based on original research. Ecuador is the floristically richest country in South America in proportion to its area. About 270 families of vascular plants are known and the number of species has been estimated to be perhaps as many as 20 000, of which 1/4 are endemic. The richness of the flora is largely due to the diverse ecological conditions at altitudes from sea level to nearly 6 300 m. The vegetation varies from xerophytic scrub to rain forest and high-Andean páramos.

The present Flora of Ecuador comprises all vascular plants, including commonly cultivated and escaped species, of the Ecuadorean mainland. It describes families, genera, and species, and provides keys to genera and species. Remarks on variation, nomenclature, distribution, and ecology are included, and synonyms and collection localities are listed. Many species are illustrated with drawings or photos, and some of them are described for the first time.

The Flora is published family by family, or in the largest families as parts of them. Small families are sometimes published together in a volume. The volumes are issued at irregular intervals, as manuscripts become ready for printing. The sequence and circumscription of the families basically follow Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien, except in some cases where the latest taxonomic views are used. Up to now, 140 families have been published, some families (Compositae, Gramineae, Leguminosae, Orchidaceae, Polypodiaceae, Rubiaceae) only partially so. Treatments of many families are currently in preparation by specialists from different parts of the world. The Flora is based on material from many important herbaria of the world, including the herbarium at University of Gothenburg, and often also extensive field work.

Flora of Ecuador is published by Dept of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, in co-operation with Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Quito.

For further information about the Flora or individual volumes, please contact any of the editors (addresses below).

Chuquiraga jussieui.

Photo: Claes Persson

Barnadesia arborea.

Photo: Claes Persson

Sphinctanthus aurantiacus.

Photo: Claes Persson

Volumes published

Volumes published in Flora of Ecuador (May 2019)

Prices excluding shipping and the 6% VAT paid by EU customers

Volume 1-20

1. G. Harling: 216. Cyclanthaceae. 1973. 48 pp. USD 11

2. B. Sparre: 89. Tropaeolaceae. 1973. 31 pp. USD 8

3. Ph. A. Munz: 141. Onagraceae. 1974. 46 pp. USD 11

4. K. Fagerström: 182. Columelliaceae; P. Taylor: 183. Lentibulariaceae; K. Rahn: 184. Plantaginaceae. 1975. 40 pp. USD 11

5. M. E. Mathias and L. Constance: 145. Umbelliferae. 1976. 71 pp. USD 14

6. P. J. M. Maas: 222. Zingiberaceae. 1976. 50 pp. USD 11

7. A. H. Gentry: 178. Bignoniaceae. 1977. 173 pp. USD 32

8. H. Robinson: 190(2). Compositae – Liabeae. 1978. 63 pp. USD 12

9. L. A. Garay: 225(1). Orchidaceae – Cypripedioideae, Orchidoideae, Neottioideae. 1978. 305 pp. USD 48

10. G. T. Prance: 80. Chrysobalanaceae. 1979. 24 pp. USD 7

11. H. Balslev: 208. Juncaceae. 1979. 45 pp. USD 11

12. G. T. Prance: 121. Dichapetalaceae. 1980. 14 pp. USD 7

13. J. J. Wurdack: 138. Melastomataceae. 1980. 403 pp. USD 53

14. S. Jeppesen: 187. Campanulaceae, 188. Lobeliaceae, 189A. Sphenocleaceae, 189B. Goodeniaceae. 1981. 184 pp. USD 32

15. D. F. Austin: 165. Convolvulaceae. 1982. 98 pp. USD 22

16. E. M. Norman: 176. Buddlejaceae. 1982. 24 pp. USD 10

17. D. D. Soejarto: 60. Actinidiaceae. 1982. 48 pp. USD 12

18. A. R. Smith: 14(4). Polypodiaceae – Thelypteridoideae. 1983. 152 pp. USD 27

19. B. Hansen: 33. Balanophoraceae. 1983. 16 pp. USD 7

20. U. Molau: 127. Bixaceae, 128. Cochlospermaceae, 130. Elatinaceae; V. M. Badillo: 131. Caricaceae. 1983. 48 pp. USD 12

Volume 21-40

21. N. H. Holmgren and U. Molau: 177. Scrophulariaceae. 1984. 189 pp. USD 32

22. L. Andersson: 221. Musaceae. 1985. 86 pp. USD 20

23. R. G. Stolze: 14(6). Polypodiaceae – Asplenioideae. 1986. 83 pp. USD 20

24. J. Kuijt: 32A. Eremolepidaceae, 32B. Viscaceae, 32C. Loranthaceae. 1986. 198 pp. USD 31

25. L. B. Smith and D. C. Wasshausen: 133. Begoniaceae. 1986. 66 pp. USD 19

26. L. B. Holm-Nielsen and R. R. Haynes: 191. Alismataceae; R. R. Haynes and L. B. Holm-Nielsen: 192. Limnocharitaceae, 193. Hydrocharitaceae, 194. Juncaginaceae, 195. Potamogetonaceae, 196. Zannichelliaceae, 197. Najadaceae. 1986. 83 pp. USD 23

27. R. Tryon: 12A. Dicksoniaceae, 12B. Lophosoriaceae, 12C. Metaxyaceae, 13. Cyatheaceae. 1986. 59 pp. USD 15

28. U. Eliasson: 44. Amaranthaceae. 1987. 138 pp. USD 34

29. C. N. Horn: 205. Pontederiaceae. 1987. 20 pp. USD 11

30. L. E. Skog: 103. Coriariaceae; A. Barfod: 104. Anacardiaceae. 1987. 50 pp. USD 18

31. L. B. Holm-Nielsen, P. Møller Jørgensen and J. E. Lawesson: 126. Passifloraceae. 1988. 130 pp. USD 40

32. P. J. M. and H. Maas: 223. Cannaceae; H. Kennedy, L. Andersson and M. Hagberg: 224. Marantaceae. 1988. 192 pp. USD 57

33. B. Øllgaard: 1. Lycopodiaceae. 1988. 156 pp. USD 44

34. B. Eriksen: 186. Valerianaceae. 1989. 60 pp. USD 20

35. J. E. Madsen: 45. Cactaceae. 1989. 79 pp. USD 32

36. T. Plowman: 93. Erythroxylaceae. 1989. 32 pp. USD 18

37. A. Lourteig: 135. Lythraceae. 1989. 47 pp. USD 21

38. J. Brandbyge: 34. Polygonaceae. 1989. 62 pp. USD 23

39. B. Ståhl: 149. Theophrastaceae, 150. Primulaceae; J. Luteyn: 151. Plumbaginaceae. 1990. 48 pp. USD 21

40. C. A. Todzia: 57. Chloranthaceae. 1990. 32 pp. USD 19

Volume 41-60

41. A. W. Meerow: 202. Amaryllidaceae. 1990. 53 pp. USD 28

42. G. Harling: 190(10). Compositae – Mutisieae. 1991. 106 pp. USD 42

43. B. Ståhl: 155. Symplocaceae, 156. Oleaceae. 1991. 58 pp. USD 28

44. P. A. Fryxell: 118. Malvaceae. 1992. 142 pp. USD 45

45. C. Gustafsson: 146A. Clethraceae; B. Ståhl: 146B. Cyrillaceae. 1992. 35 pp. USD 20

46. U. Eliasson: 35A. Phytolaccaceae, 35B. Achatocarpaceae. 1993. 52 pp. USD 23

47. L. Andersson: 162. Rubiaceae – Introduction, 162(22). Anthospermeae; L. T. Dempster: 162(23). Rubiaceae – Rubiae. 1993. 38 pp. USD 24

48. C. C. Berg and P. Franco Rosselli: 27A. Cecropiaceae. 1993. 109 pp.USD 43

49. R. G. Stolze, L. Pacheco and B. Øllgaard: 14(5B). Polypodiaceae – Dryopteridoideae – Physematieae. 1994. 108 pp. USD 43

50. L. Andersson and C. M. Taylor: 162. Rubiaceae – 162(1). Cinchoneae, 162(2). Calycophylleae, 162(3). Hillieae, 162(4). Coptosapelteae. 1994. 114 pp. USD 45

51. F. González: 58. Aristolochiaceae; U. Eliasson: 59. Rafflesiaceae. 1994. 51 pp. USD 22

52. M. Lidén: 69. Papaveraceae; L. Andersson: Tovariaceae. 1995. 23 pp. USD 19

53. J. S. Pringle: 159A. Gentianaceae, 159B. Menyanthaceae. 1995. 147 pp. USD 48

54. J. L. Luteyn: 147. Ericaceae. 1996. 404 pp. USD 80

55. U. Eliasson: 37. Molluginaceae, 38. Aizoaceae, 39. Portulacaceae; R. Eriksson: 40. Basellaceae. 1996. 88 pp. USD 36

56. K. Romoleroux: 79. Rosaceae; E. Forero: 81, Connaraceae. 1996. 169 pp. USD 56

57. S. Lægaard: 214(1). Gramineae (part 1) – Introduction, Centothecoideae, Arundinoideae. 1997. 56 pp. USD 25

58. C. Ott: 54. Menispermaceae. 1997. 81 pp. USD 36

59. S. S. Renner and G. Hausner: 49A. Siparunaceae, 49B. Monimiaceae. 1998. 125 pp. USD 48

60. C. C. Berg: 27B. Moraceae excl. Ficus. 1998. 128 pp. USD 48

Volume 61-80

61. G. Harling: 78. Cunoniaceae. 1999. 74 pp. USD 28

62. P. Delprete, L. Andersson, B. Ståhl and C. M. Taylor: 162. Rubiaceae (part 3) – 162(7). Condamineeae, 162(8). Isertieae, 162(18). Psychotrieae (1), 162(20). Coussareeae. 1999. 320 pp. USD 63

63. A. Lourteig: 211. Mayacaceae; R. Kral: 212 A. Xyridaceae; P.E. Berry: 212 B. Rapateaceae. 1999. 48 pp. USD 18

64. M. Weigend: 132. Loasaceae. 2000. 92 pp. USD 35

65. B. Eriksen, B. Ståhl and C. Persson: 102. Polygalaceae. 2000. 134 pp. USD 49

66. B. Øllgaard: 6. Ophioglossaceae, 8A. Osmundaceae, 8B. Plagiogyriaceae, 9. Schizaeaceae; H. Tuomisto and R. C. Moran: 7. Marattiaceae; E. Østergaard Andersen and B. Øllgaard: 10. Gleicheniaceae. 2001. 175 pp. USD 59

67. J. A. Lombardi: 115. Vitaceae. 2001. 39 pp. USD 15

68. S. Lægaard and P. M. Peterson: 214(2). Gramineae (part 2) – Chloridoideae. 2001. 131 pp. USD 35

69. C. Bonifaz and X. Cornejo: 29. Proteaceae; P. Hiepko: 30A. Opiliaceae; P. Jørgensen and C. Ulloa: 30B. Olacaceae; C. Ulloa and P. M. Jørgensen: 31. Santalaceae. 2002. 123 pp. USD 34

70. X. Cornejo and C. Bonifaz: 55A. Nymphaeaceae; B. Ståhl: 55B. Ceratophyllaceae. 2003. 31 pp. USD 10

71. G. Harling and M. Neuendorf: 200. Alstroemeriaceae; P. Maas and H. Maas: 201. Haemodoraceae. 2003. 118 pp. USD 35

72. T. S. Jaramillo, P. Muriel and H. Balslev: 48. Myristicaceae. 2004. 101 pp. USD 35

73. A. Freire Fierro: 73. Crassulaceae, 74. Saxifragaceae, 75A. Hydrangeaceae, 75B. Grossulariaceae, 76B. Phyllonomaceae; K. Romoleroux and A. Freire Fierro: 76A. Escalloniaceae. 2004. 91 pp. USD 31

74. L. Andersson and J. H. E. Rova: 162(9). Rubiaceae (part 4) – Hippotideae. 2004. 46 pp. USD 19

75. S. M. Ickert-Bond: 20. Ephedraceae; M. D. Correa, T. R. Dos Santos Silva and R. Duno de Stefano: 68. Droseraceae; D. M. Porter: 90. Zygophyllaceae. 2005. 32 pp. USD 16

76. C. H. Dodson and C. A. Luer: 225(2). Orchidaceae – AA to Cyrtidiorchis. 2005. 347 pp. USD 80

77(1) and 77(2). H. Robinson and collaborators: 190(6). Compositae – Heliantheae (part I) – Introduction, Acanthospermum to Lagascea; Heliantheae (part II) – Melanthera to Zinnia. 2006. 2 volumes, 232 and 235 pp. USD 90

78. S. Renvoize, A. S. Vega and Z. E. Rúgolo de Agrasar: 214(3). Gramineae (part 3) – Panicoideae. 2006. 218 pp. USD 60

79. C. M. Taylor and D. Zappi: 162. Rubiaceae (part 5) – 162(18). Psychotrieae (2). 2006. 113 pp. USD 35

80. T. D. Pennington: 152. Sapotaceae. 2007. 195 pp. USD 45

Volume 81-

81. C. A. Stace: 140. Combretaceae. 2007. 63 pp. USD 20

82. W. A. Palacios: 98. Meliaceae. 2007. 90 pp. USD 30

83. H. Robinson and collaborator: 190(3). Compositeae – Eupatorieae. 2008. 349 pp. USD 60

84. C. H. Dodson and C. A. Luer: 225(9). Orchidaceae – Masdevallia and Affiliates. 2009. 395 pp. USD 70

85. C. C. Berg: 27C. Moraceae – Ficus. 2009. 148 pp. USD 35

86. G. Harling: 36. Nyctaginaceae. 2010. 79 pp. USD 25

87. C. H. Dodson and C. A. Luer: 225(3). Orchidaceae – Cyrtochiloides to Epibator. 2010. 438 pp. USD 70

88. C. H. Dodson and C. A. Luer: 225(7). Orchidaceae – Lepanthes and Affiliates. 2011. 457 pp. USD 70

89. D. C. Wasshausen: 179. Acanthaceae. 2013. 328 pp. USD 80

90. R. Duno de Stefano: 113A. Icacinaceae, 113B. Metteniusaceae. 2013. 46 pp. USD 35

91. S. Laegaard and H. Balslev: 22. Myricaceae, 23. Juglandaceae, 24. Salicaceae, 25A. Betulaceae, 25B. Casuarinaceae, 26A. Ulmaceae, 26B. Cannabaceae. 2014. 76 pp. USD 40

92. B. Ståhl, G. P. Lewis and B. B. Klitgaard: 82–84. Leguminosae – Key to genera. 2015. 116 pp. USD 50

93. B. Ståhl and collaborators: 82–84. Leguminosae – Phaseoleae, Part 1. 2016. 92 pp. USD 50

94. H. Robinson and V. Funk: 190(1). Compositae – Vernonieae. 2018. 125 pp. USD 50

95. M. L. Kawasaki, B. K. Holst and A. J. Pérez: 136. Myrtaceae. 2019. 190 pp. USD 60

96. T. D. Pennington: 82–84 Leguminosae — Ingeae, part 1: Inga 2019. 221 pp. USD 60

97. Dilleniaceae by G.A. Aymard C. Caryocaraceae by G.T. Prance. Quiinaceae by J.V. Schneider and G. Zizka. Caprifoliaceae by C. Persson. Adoxaceae by J.H. Vargas and P.M. Jørgensen. Dipsacaceae by E. Ljungstrand and C. Persson, 2020, 129 pp, 31 illustr. (55 USD)

All volumes published (full list)