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Carl-Fredrik Flach
Researcher
Department of Infectious DiseasesAbout Carl-Fredrik Flach
Ongoing funded projects:
Sewage monitoring – a new, resource-efficient method for population-based surveillance of antibiotic resistance The project is funded by the Wellcome Trust (10.2 MSEK) for the period 2022-2025. The research is led by Carl-Fredrik Flach. Collaboration with Prof Joakim Larsson (University of Gothenburg), Prof Sabiha Essack (University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa), Dr Inacio Mandomando (Manhica Health Research Centre, Mozambique) and Dr Patrick Okanya (Technical University of Kenya). Antibiotic resistance surveillance is critical for guiding empirical treatment and evaluating interventions. As current methods rely on analyses of bacterial isolates from many individuals, surveillance is resource-demanding and thus absent or very limited in most low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We hypothesize that microbiological analyses of sewage, containing excreted bacteria from thousands of people, can be a resource-efficient complement for population-level antibiotic resistance surveillance with particular value in LMICs. This is supported by our recent European studies showing good correlation between resistance rates in clinical and sewage E. coli isolates. Here we aim to further develop the sewage monitoring system by targeting additional clinically important bacteria in sewage and investigating the value of including gene-based analyses. We also aim to validate the methodology in three sub-Saharan African countries by benchmarking to local clinical surveillance data generated during the project. The relationship between sewage and clinical ESBL-producing strains, one of the most urgent resistance threats, will be studied in more detail by applying whole genome sequencing. By also engaging relevant stakeholders, the overarching goal is to pave the way for future implementation of sewage monitoring, which could significantly increase the basic data for surveillance of antibiotic resistance in LMICs.
Antibiotic resistance genes in wastewater – studies on factors critical for assessing the risks. The project is funded by the Swedish Research Council FORMAS (3 MSEK) for the period 2022-2024 and led by Carl-Fredrik Flach. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) can be present in both pathogens and harmless environmental bacteria. The acquisition of ARGs, often situated on plasmids, by pathogens and their subsequent spread represent a major threat to human health. Wastewaters have been pointed out as risk environments for development of resistant pathogens as well as for their dissemination to the environment, from where they can reach humans and cause infections. Wastewaters are often analyzed with regard to ARG content in order to assess risks. Although applied methodologies can be both comprehensive and efficient, they are hampered by an inability to link the detected ARGs to their bacterial hosts. Knowledge about which bacteria are carrying the ARGs is however critical for assessing risks. Additionally, if pathogens carry certain plasmids it might facilitate the acquisition of others, but if this affects acquisition of ARGs in wastewaters is still unknown. This project will therefore address the following questions: (1) Which ARGs are disseminated to the environment via wastewater in Sweden. (2) Which are re the bacterial hosts of the ARGs present in wastewater? (3) Does pre-carriage of plasmids in pathogens promote acquisition of ARGs in wastewater? The project will fill those knowledge gaps by advancing recently applied methodologies and is thereby expected to generate results and methods important for i) assessing risks regarding ARGs in wastewaters and ii) evaluating mitigating measures.
The Environment as a Driver of Antibiotic Resistance - EDAR Research environment funded by the Swedish Research Council VR (Medicine and Health) (22.4 MSEK) for the period 2019-2024. The research is led by Joakim Larsson in collaboration with Carl-Fredrik Flach and Christian Munthe (University of Gothenburg), Ramanan Laxminarayan (University of Princeton and CDDEP, USA), Erik Kristiansson (Chalmers), and Jerker Fick (Umeå University). The emergence and global dissemination of antibiotic resistant bacteria pose a serious threat to public health. The environment contributes to these processes in two ways - as a transmission route for certain resistant bacterial pathogens, and as a source for antibiotic resistance genes and resistance plasmids that over time are recruited into human pathogens through horizontal gene transfer. We aim to: 1. Understand the origin and evolution of antibiotic resistance genes, i.e. in what species and from what environments they likely were mobilized and transferred 2. Identify already mobilized resistance genes to last-resort antibiotics that have not (yet) been described in pathogens. 3. Understand drivers and mechanisms of resistance evolution (selection, mobilization, transfer) in the environment. 4. Provide an economic analysis of the costs and benefits of environmental interventions. 5. Analyze incentives and counterincentives for such mitigations.
Transmission of antibiotic resistance plasmids in sewage The project is funded by the Swedish Research Council FORMAS (3 MSEK) for the period 2019-2021 and led by Carl-Fredrik Flach. The rise of antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens is a major threat to public health. Environmental bacteria play an important role by providing a source of antibiotic resistance genes that can be horizontally transferred to pathogens, which often involves the acquisition of resistance plasmids. Sewage environments, harboring a mixture of environmental and pathogenic bacteria as well as resistance plasmids have been pointed out as hotspots for such development. This project will assess the inductive effect of the complete mixtures of antimicrobials present in different types of sewage (raw hospital and municipal as well as treated sewage) on plasmid transfer in bacterial sewage communities. The project is expected to provide guidance for the decision-making process whether, and if so where, additional treatment of sewage should be implemented regarding the risk for antibiotic resistance dissemination.
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Evaluation of culture conditions for sewage-based surveillance of antibiotic resistance in Klebsiella
pneumoniae.
Julián Bobis Camacho, Johanna Nilsson, D. G. Joakim Larsson, Carl-Fredrik Flach
Journal of global antimicrobial resistance - 2024 -
Metagenomic Profiling of Internationally Sourced Sewage Influents and Effluents Yields Insight into Selecting Targets for Antibiotic Resistance
Monitoring
Emily Garner, Ayella Maile-Moskowitz, Luisa F. Angeles, Carl-Fredrik Flach, Diana S. Aga, Indumathi Nambi, D. G. Joakim Larsson, Helmut Bu''rgmann, Tong Zhang, Peter J. Vikesland, Amy Pruden
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY - 2024 -
The resistome and microbiome of wastewater treatment plant workers - The AWARE
study.
Fanny Berglund, Daloha Rodríguez-Molina, Gratiela Gradisteanu Pircalabioru, Hetty Blaak, Mariana-Carmen Chifiriuc, Ilda Czobor Barbu, Carl-Fredrik Flach, Irina Gheorghe-Barbu, Luminița Măruțescu, Marcela Popa, Ana Maria de Roda Husman, Laura Wengenroth, Heike Schmitt, D. G. Joakim Larsson
Environment international - 2023 -
Sampling Considerations for Wastewater Surveillance of Antibiotic Resistance in Fecal
Bacteria
Patricia Huijbers, Julián Bobis Camacho, Marion Hutinel, D. G. Joakim Larsson, Carl-Fredrik Flach
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health - 2023 -
Extensive screening reveals previously undiscovered aminoglycoside resistance genes in human
pathogens
David Lund, Roelof Dirk Coertze, Marcos Parras-Moltó, Fanny Berglund, Carl-Fredrik Flach, Anna Johnning, D. G. Joakim Larsson, Erik Kristiansson
Communications Biology - 2023 -
Wastewater treatment plants, an "escape gate" for ESCAPE
pathogens
L. G. Marutescu, M. Popa, I. Gheorghe-Barbu, I. C. Barbu, D. Rodriguez-Molina, Fanny Berglund, H. Blaak, Carl-Fredrik Flach, M. A. Kemper, B. Spiessberger, L. Wengenroth, D. G. Joakim Larsson, D. Nowak, K. Radon, A. M. D. Husman, A. Wieser, H. Schmitt, G. P. Gradisteanu, C. O. Vrancianu, M. C. Chifiriuc
Frontiers in Microbiology - 2023 -
Sewage surveillance of antibiotic resistance holds both opportunities and
challenges
D. G. Joakim Larsson, Carl-Fredrik Flach, Ramanan Laxminarayan
Nature Reviews Microbiology - 2022 -
Long-read metagenomic sequencing reveals shifts in associations of antibiotic resistance genes with mobile genetic elements from sewage to activated
sludge
D. J. Dai, C. Brown, H. Burgmann, D. G. Joakim Larsson, I. Nambi, T. Zhang, Carl-Fredrik Flach, A. Pruden, P. J. Vikesland
Microbiome - 2022 -
Antibiotic resistance in the
environment
D. G. Joakim Larsson, Carl-Fredrik Flach
Nature Reviews Microbiology - 2022 -
Demonstrating a Comprehensive Wastewater-Based Surveillance Approach That Differentiates Globally Sourced
Resistomes
M. V. P. Riquelme, E. Garner, S. Gupta, J. Metch, N. Zhu, M. F. Blair, G. Arango-Argoty, A. Maile-Moskowitz, A. D. Li, Carl-Fredrik Flach, D. S. Aga, I. M. Nambi, D. G. Joakim Larsson, H. Burgmann, T. Zhang, A. Pruden, P. J. Vikesland
Environmental Science and Technology - 2022 -
Conjugative transfer of multi-drug resistance IncN plasmids from environmental waterborne bacteria to Escherichia
coli
J. Guzman-Otazo, E. Joffre, J. Agramont, N. Mamani, Jekaterina Jutkina, F. Boulund, Y. O. O. Hu, Daphne Jumilla-Lorenz, Anne Farewell, D. G. Joakim Larsson, Carl-Fredrik Flach, V. Iniguez, Åsa Sjöling
Frontiers in Microbiology - 2022 -
International Travel as a Risk Factor for Carriage of Extended-Spectrum beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli in a Large Sample of European Individuals-The AWARE
Study
D. Rodriguez-Molina, Fanny Berglund, H. Blaak, Carl-Fredrik Flach, M. Kemper, L. Marutescu, G. P. Gradisteanu, M. Popa, B. Spiessberger, L. Wengenroth, M. C. Chifiriuc, D. G. Joakim Larsson, D. Nowak, K. Radon, A. M. D. Husman, A. Wieser, H. Schmitt
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH - 2022 -
Antibiotic resistance genes of emerging concern in municipal and hospital wastewater from a major Swedish
city
Marion Hutinel, D. G. Joakim Larsson, Carl-Fredrik Flach
Science of the Total Environment - 2022 -
Carriage of ESBL-producing Enterobacterales in wastewater treatment plant workers and surrounding residents - the AWARE
Study
D. Rodriguez-Molina, Fanny Berglund, H. Blaak, Carl-Fredrik Flach, M. Kemper, L. Marutescu, G. P. Gradisteanu, M. Popa, B. Spiessberger, T. Weinmann, L. Wengenroth, M. C. Chifiriuc, D. G. Joakim Larsson, D. Nowak, K. Radon, A. M. D. Husman, A. Wieser, H. Schmitt
European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases - 2021 -
Monitoring of hospital sewage shows both promise and limitations as an early-warning system for carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales in a low-prevalence
setting
Carl-Fredrik Flach, Marion Hutinel, Mohammad Razavi, Christina Åhrén, D. G. Joakim Larsson
Water Research - 2021 -
Antibiotic Resistance in Wastewater Treatment Plants and Transmission Risks for Employees and Residents: The Concept of the AWARE
Study
L. Wengenroth, Fanny Berglund, H. Blaak, M. C. Chifiriuc, Carl-Fredrik Flach, G. G. Pircalabioru, D. G. Joakim Larsson, L. Marutescu, M. W. J. van Passel, M. Popa, K. Radon, A. M. D. Husman, D. Rodriguez-Molina, T. Weinmann, A. Wieser, H. Schmitt
Antibiotics-Basel - 2021 -
Investigating the effects of municipal and hospital wastewaters on horizontal gene
transfer
Marion Hutinel, J. Fick, D. G. Joakim Larsson, Carl-Fredrik Flach
Environmental Pollution - 2021 -
Evidence for selection of multi-resistant E. coli by hospital
effluent.
Nadine Kraupner, Marion Hutinel, Kilian Schumacher, Declan A Gray, Maja Genheden, Jerker Fick, Carl-Fredrik Flach, D. G. Joakim Larsson
Environment international - 2021 -
Surveillance of antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli in human populations through urban wastewater in ten European
countries.
Patricia Huijbers, D. G. Joakim Larsson, Carl-Fredrik Flach
Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) - 2020 -
Discovery of a novel integron-borne aminoglycoside resistance gene present in clinical pathogens by screening environmental bacterial
communities.
Maria-Elisabeth Böhm, Mohammad Razavi, Nachiket Marathe, Carl-Fredrik Flach, D. G. Joakim Larsson
Microbiome - 2020 -
Long-term application of Swedish sewage sludge on farmland does not cause clear changes in the soil bacterial
resistome.
Carolin Rutgersson, Stefan Ebmeyer, Simon Bo Lassen, Antti Karkman, Jerker Fick, Erik Kristiansson, Kristian K Brandt, Carl-Fredrik Flach, D. G. Joakim Larsson
Environment international - 2020 -
A novel, integron-regulated, class c
β-lactamase
Maria-Elisabeth Böhm, Mohammad Razavi, Carl-Fredrik Flach, D. G. Joakim Larsson
Antibiotics - 2020 -
Structural insights into the enhanced carbapenemase efficiency of OXA-655 compared to
OXA-10
H. K. S. Leiros, A. M. Thomassen, Samuelsen, Samuelsen,, Carl-Fredrik Flach, Stathis Kotsakis, D. G. Joakim Larsson
FEBS Open Bio - 2020 -
The association between insertion sequences and antibiotic resistance
genes
Mohammad Razavi, Erik Kristiansson, Carl-Fredrik Flach, D. G. Joakim Larsson
mSphere - 2020 -
Predicting clinical resistance prevalence using sewage metagenomic
data
Antti Karkman, Fanny Berglund, Carl-Fredrik Flach, Erik Kristiansson, D. G. Joakim Larsson
Communications Biology - 2020 -
Selective concentrations for trimethoprim resistance in aquatic
environments
Nadine Kraupner, Stefan Ebmeyer, Marion Hutinel, J. Fick, Carl-Fredrik Flach, D. G. Joakim Larsson
Environment International - 2020 -
Population-level surveillance of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli through sewage
analysis
Marion Hutinel, Patricia Huijbers, Jerker Fick, Christina Åhrén, D. G. Joakim Larsson, Carl-Fredrik Flach
Eurosurveillance - 2019 -
Diarrheal bacterial pathogens and multi-resistant enterobacteria in the Choqueyapu River in La Paz,
Bolivia
J. Guzman-Otazo, Lucia Gonzales-Siles, V. Poma, Johan Bengtsson-Palme, Kaisa Thorell, Carl-Fredrik Flach, V. Iniguez, A. Sjoling
PLoS ONE - 2019 -
Characterization of the first OXA-10 natural variant with increased carbapenemase
activity.
Stathis Kotsakis, Carl-Fredrik Flach, Mohammad Razavi, D. G. Joakim Larsson
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy - 2019 -
A conceptual framework for the environmental surveillance of antibiotics and antibiotic
resistance.
Patricia Huijbers, Carl-Fredrik Flach, D. G. Joakim Larsson
Environment international - 2019 -
Selective concentration for ciprofloxacin resistance in Escherichia coli grown in complex aquatic bacterial
biofilms
Nadine Kraupner, Stefan Ebmeyer, Johan Bengtsson-Palme, J. Fick, Erik Kristiansson, Carl-Fredrik Flach, D. G. Joakim Larsson
Environment International - 2018 -
A Comprehensive Screening of Escherichia coli Isolates from Scandinavia's Largest Sewage Treatment Plant Indicates No Selection for Antibiotic
Resistance.
Carl-Fredrik Flach, Maja Genheden, Jerker Fick, D. G. Joakim Larsson
Environmental science & technology - 2018 -
Critical knowledge gaps and research needs related to the environmental dimensions of antibiotic
resistance
D. G. Joakim Larsson, Antoine Andremont, Johan Bengtsson-Palme, K. K. Brandt, A. M. D. Husman, P. Fagerstedt, J. Fick, Carl-Fredrik Flach, W. H. Gaze, M. Kuroda, Kristian Kvint, R. Laxminarayan, C. M. Manaia, K. M. Nielsen, L. Plant, M. C. Ploy, C. Segovia, P. Simonet, K. Smalla, J. Snape, E. Topp, A. J. van Hengel, D. W. Verner-Jeffreys, M. P. J. Virta, E. M. Wellington, A. S. Wernersson
Environment International - 2018 -
Antibiotics and common antibacterial biocides stimulate horizontal transfer of resistance at low
concentrations.
Jekaterina Jutkina, Nachiket Marathe, Carl-Fredrik Flach, D. G. Joakim Larsson
The Science of the total environment - 2018 -
Functional metagenomics reveals a novel carbapenem-hydrolyzing mobile beta-lactamase from Indian river sediments contaminated with antibiotic production
waste
Nachiket Marathe, Anders Janzon, Stathis Kotsakis, Carl-Fredrik Flach, Mohammad Razavi, Fanny Berglund, Erik Kristiansson, D. G. Joakim Larsson
Environment International - 2018 -
Discovery of the fourth mobile sulfonamide resistance
gene
Mohammad Razavi, Nachiket Marathe, Michael Gillings, Carl-Fredrik Flach, Erik Kristiansson, D. G. Joakim Larsson
Microbiome - 2017 -
Identification of 76 novel B1 metallo-beta-lactamases through large-scale screening of genomic and metagenomic
data
Fanny Berglund, Nachiket Marathe, Tobias Österlund, Johan Bengtsson-Palme, Stathis Kotsakis, Carl-Fredrik Flach, D. G. Joakim Larsson, Erik Kristiansson
Microbiome - 2017 -
Does antifouling paint select for antibiotic
resistance?
Carl-Fredrik Flach, Chandan Pal, Carl Johan Svensson, Erik Kristiansson, Marcus Östman, Johan Bengtsson-Palme, Mats Tysklind, D. G. Joakim Larsson
The Science of the total environment - 2017 -
Computational discovery and functional validation of novel fluoroquinolone resistance genes in public metagenomic data
sets
Fredrik Boulund, Fanny Berglund, Carl-Fredrik Flach, Johan Bengtsson-Palme, Nachiket Marathe, D. G. Joakim Larsson, Erik Kristiansson
BMC Genomics - 2017 -
Minimal selective concentrations of tetracycline in complex aquatic bacterial
biofilms
Sara Lundström, Markus Östman, Johan Bengtsson-Palme, Carolin Rutgersson, Malin Thoudal, Triranta Sircar, Hans Blanck, Karl Martin Eriksson, Mats Tysklind, Carl-Fredrik Flach, D. G. Joakim Larsson
Science of the Total Environment - 2016 -
An assay for determining minimal concentrations of antibiotics that drive horizontal transfer of
resistance
Jekaterina Jutkina, Carolin Rutgersson, Carl-Fredrik Flach, D. G. Joakim Larsson
Science of the Total Environment - 2016 -
Elucidating selection processes for antibiotic resistance in sewage treatment plants using
metagenomics
Johan Bengtsson-Palme, Rickard Hammarén, Chandan Pal, Marcus Östman, Berndt Björlenius, Carl-Fredrik Flach, Jerker Fick, Erik Kristiansson, Mats Tysklind, D. G. Joakim Larsson
Science of the Total Environment - 2016 -
Isolation of novel IncA/C and IncN fluoroquinolone resistance plasmids from an antibiotic-polluted
lake
Carl-Fredrik Flach, Anna Johnning, Ida Nilsson, Kornelia Smalla, Erik Kristiansson, D. G. Joakim Larsson
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - 2015 -
Defining the Roles of IFN-gamma and IL-17A in Inflammation and Protection against Helicobacter pylori
Infection
Louise Sjökvist Ottsjö, Carl-Fredrik Flach, Staffan Nilsson, R. D. Malefyt, A. K. Walduck, Sukanya Raghavan
PLoS ONE - 2015 -
Fluoroquinolones and qnr genes in sediment, well water, soil and human fecal flora in an Indian environment polluted by drug
manufacturing
Carolin Rutgersson, Jerker Fick, Nachiket Marathe, Erik Kristiansson, Anders Janzon, Martin Angelin, Anders Johansson, Yogesh Shouche, Carl-Fredrik Flach, D. G. Joakim Larsson
Environmental Science and Technology - 2014 -
The role of IL-17A and IFN gamma in vaccine-induced protection against Helicobacter pylori
infection
Louise Sjökvist Ottsjö, Carl-Fredrik Flach, Staffan Nilsson, R. D. Malefyt, A. Walduck, Sukanya Raghavan
Cytokine - 2014 -
Functional verification of computationally predicted qnr
genes
Carl-Fredrik Flach, Fredrik Boulund, Erik Kristiansson, D. G. Joakim Larsson
Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials - 2013 -
High levels of quinolone resistance genes found near a waste water treatment plant serving antibiotic
manufacturers
Carolin Rutgersson, Carl-Fredrik Flach, Nachiket Marathe, Erik Kristiansson, Anders Janzon, J. Fick, Y. Shouche, Edward R.B. Moore, D. G. Joakim Larsson
52nd International Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC), 9-12 September 2012, San Francisco - 2013 -
A double mutant heat-labile toxin from Escherichia coli, LT(R192G/L211A), is an effective mucosal adjuvant for vaccination against Helicobacter pylori
infection.
Louise Sjökvist Ottsjö, Carl-Fredrik Flach, Jan Holmgren, John Clements, Sukanya Raghavan
Infection and immunity - 2013 -
Mucosal vaccination increases local chemokine production attracting immune cells to the stomach mucosa of Helicobacter pylori infected
mice.
Carl-Fredrik Flach, Michael Mozer, Malin Sundquist, Jan Holmgren, Sukanya Raghavan
Vaccine - 2012 -
The subcellular location of antigen expressed by adenoviral vectors modifies adaptive immunity but not dependency on cross-presenting dendritic
cells.
Petra Henning, Tobias Gustafsson, Carl-Fredrik Flach, Yeu-Jiann Hua, Anna Strömbeck, Jan Holmgren, Leif Lindholm, Ulf Yrlid
European journal of immunology - 2011 -
Interferon-gamma secretion is induced in IL-12 stimulated human NK cells by recognition of Helicobacter pylori or TLR2
ligands
Åsa Lindgren, Voja Pavlovic, Carl-Fredrik Flach, Åsa Sjöling, Samuel B Lundin
Innate Immunity - 2011 -
A truncated form of HpaA is a promising antigen for use in a vaccine against Helicobacter
pylori.
Carl-Fredrik Flach, Natascha Svensson, Margareta Blomquist, Annelie Ekman, Sukanya Raghavan, Jan Holmgren
Vaccine - 2011 -
Pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression in the stomach correlates with vaccine-induced protection against Helicobacter pylori infection in mice: an important role for interleukin-17 during the effector
phase.
Carl-Fredrik Flach, Anna Karin Ostberg, Anne-Therese Nilsson, Rene De Waal Malefyt, Sukanya Raghavan
Infection and immunity - 2011 -
Sublingual immunization protects against Helicobacter pylori infection and induces T and B cell responses in the
stomach.
Sukanya Raghavan, Anna Karin Ostberg, Carl-Fredrik Flach, Annelie Ekman, Margareta Blomquist, Cecil Czerkinsky, Jan Holmgren
Infection and immunity - 2010 -
B lymphocytes promote expansion of regulatory T cells in oral tolerance: powerful induction by antigen coupled to cholera toxin B
subunit.
Jia-Bin Sun, Carl-Fredrik Flach, Cecil Czerkinsky, Jan Holmgren
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) - 2008 -
Five mucosal transcripts of interest in ulcerative colitis identified by quantitative real-time PCR: a prospective
study.
Anders Eriksson, Carl-Fredrik Flach, Anders Lindgren, Eva Kvifors, Stefan Lange
BMC gastroenterology - 2008 -
Real-time PCR quantification analysis of five mucosal transcripts in patients with Crohn's
disease.
Anders Eriksson, Eva Jennische, Carl-Fredrik Flach, Alberto Jorge, Stefan Lange
European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology - 2008 -
Differential expression of intestinal membrane transporters in cholera
patients.
Carl-Fredrik Flach, Firdausi Qadri, Taufiqur Rahman Bhuiyan, N. H. Alam, Eva Jennische, Jan Holmgren, Ivar Lönnroth
FEBS letters - 2007 -
Broad up-regulation of innate defense factors during acute
cholera.
Carl-Fredrik Flach, Firdausi Qadri, Taufiqur Rahman Bhuiyan, N. H. Alam, Eva Jennische, Ivar Lönnroth, Jan Holmgren
Infection and immunity - 2007 -
Detection of elafin as a candidate biomarker for ulcerative colitis by whole-genome microarray
screening.
Carl-Fredrik Flach, Anders Eriksson, Eva Jennische, Stefan Lange, Charina Gunnerek, Ivar Lönnroth
Inflammatory bowel diseases - 2006 -
Mucosal adjuvants and anti-infection and anti-immunopathology vaccines based on cholera toxin, cholera toxin B subunit and CpG
DNA
Jan Holmgren, Jenni Adamsson, F. Anjuere, J. Clemens, C. Czerkinsky, Kristina Eriksson, Carl-Fredrik Flach, Annie George-Chandy, Ali M Harandi, Michael Lebens, T. Lehner, Marianne Lindblad, Erik Nygren, Sukanya Raghavan, Joaquin Sanchez, M. Stanford, Jia-Bin Sun, Ann-Mari Svennerholm, Sara Tengvall
Immunol Lett - 2005 -
Cholera toxin induces a transient depletion of CD8+ intraepithelial lymphocytes in the rat small intestine as detected by microarray and
immunohistochemistry.
Carl-Fredrik Flach, Stefan Lange, Eva Jennische, Ivar Lönnroth, Jan Holmgren
Infection and immunity - 2005 -
Microarray analyses of the small intestinal mucosa during experimental and clinical
cholera
Carl-Fredrik Flach
2005 -
Cholera toxin induces expression of ion channels and carriers in rat small intestinal
mucosa.
Carl-Fredrik Flach, Stefan Lange, Eva Jennische, Ivar Lönnroth
FEBS letters - 2004