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60
Million years. How long the ecosystems of the large herbivores have had the same structure.
Stable herbivores despite major changes
FROM MASTODONS TO prehistoric rhinoceroses and giant deer – large herbivores have shaped the Earth’s landscape for millions of years. A new study shows how these giants responded to dramatic environmental changes and how their ecosystems found ways to remain stable, even as species disappeared.
“The large herbivores’ ecosystems were remarkably stable over long periods of time,” says researcher Fernando Blanco. “But twice during the last 60 million years, environmental pressures were so great that the entire system underwent a global reorganisation.”
The first major change took place around 21 million years ago, when a land bridge was formed between Africa and Eurasia. The second global shift came around ten million years ago, when the Earth’s climate became colder and drier.
WORDS
Composite materials
The term ‘composite’ means that several different materials, like carbon fibre and plastics, have been mixed to achieve a desired balance between different properties such as a product’s weight, durability and flexibility. When developing composites, it is hard to predict how a particular blend will behave.
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