Introduction to Causal Inference, 2,5 credits
The course Introduction to Causal Inference is a third-cycle course that provides a foundational introduction to causal reasoning for applied research in education and related social sciences. The course is aimed at doctoral students and researchers who wish to develop a principled understanding of what it means to make causal claims, and why such claims cannot generally be inferred from associations alone.
The course introduces the distinction between causal and non-causal research questions and makes explicit the fundamental challenges involved in answering causal questions using observational data. Central to the course is the potential outcomes framework, which is presented as a conceptual tool for understanding causal effects in terms of counterfactual comparisons. The course also introduces key approaches to causal inference, including randomized experiments, natural experiments, and quasi-experimental designs, as well as their underlying assumptions and limitations.
Throughout the course, common challenges in causal inference—such as endogeneity, omitted variable bias, and unobserved heterogeneity—are discussed and illustrated through examples from educational research. Participants are encouraged to critically evaluate empirical studies that make causal claims and to reflect on the strengths and weaknesses of different research designs for addressing causal questions.
Participants are expected to actively engage with the course literature, participate in discussions, and complete assigned tasks, both independently and in collaboration with peers. The course is part of the R-QRM research school and provides a conceptual foundation for more advanced courses in causal inference and quantitative methods.
Entry requirements
For admission, the applicant must be registered as a doctoral student (third-cycle) or hold a doctoral degree. The applicant should have documented prior knowledge corresponding to the learning goals of the course QRM1802 – Regression Analysis for Educational Research, or equivalent.
Practical information
Course code
RQRM260
Application period
13 January 2026 – 4 February 2026