Critical Topics in Digital Discourse

Aguera y Arcas, Blaise. “Do Large Language Models Understand Us?” Medium, December 16, 2021. https://medium.com/@blaisea/do-large-language-models-understand-us-6f881d6d8e75.

Amoore, Louise, Alexander Campolo, Benjamin Jacobsen, and Ludovico Rella. “A World Model: On the Political Logics of Generative AI.” Political Geography 113 (August 2024): 103134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2024.103134.

Bajohr, Hannes. “Operative Ekphrasis: The Collapse of the Text/Image Distinction in Multimodal AI.” Word & Image 40, no. 2 (2024): 77–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/02666286.2024.2330335.

Bajohr, Hannes. “Whoever Controls Language Models Controls Politics.” In Training the Archive, edited by Inke Arns, Eva Birkenstock, Dominik Bönisch, and Francis Hunger. Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2024.

Bender, Emily M., Timnit Gebru, Angelina McMillan-Major, and Shmargaret Shmitchell. “On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models Be Too Big? 🦜.” Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (New York, NY, USA), FAccT ’21, Association for Computing Machinery, March 1, 2021, 610–23. https://doi.org/10.1145/3442188.3445922.

Bratton, Benjamin. “The Five Stages Of AI Grief.” Noema, June 20, 2024. https://www.noemamag.com/the-five-stages-of-ai-grief.

Chiang, Ted. “ChatGPT Is a Blurry JPEG of the Web.” The New Yorker, February 9, 2023. https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/chatgpt-is-a-blurry-jpeg-of-the-web.

Elcott, Noam M., and Tim Trombley. “Generative Style.” Aperture 257 (Winter 2024): 63–71.

Kirschenbaum, Matthew. “Prepare for the Textpocalypse.” Technology. The Atlantic, March 8, 2023. https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2023/03/ai-chatgpt-writing-language-models/673318/.

Kockelman, Paul. Last Words: Large Language Models and the AI Apocalypse. Prickly Paradigm Press, 2025.

Lecun, Yann, Yosjua Bengio, and Geoffrey Hinton. “Deep Learning.” Nature 521 (2015): 436–44.

Meyer, Roland. “The New Value of the Archive: AI Image Generation and the Visual Economy of ‘Style.’” IMAGE: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Image Sciences 37, no. 1 (2023): 100–111.

Mitchell, WJT. “Word and Image.” In Critical Terms for Art History, edited by Robert Nelson and Richard Shiff. University Of Chicago Press, 1996.

Offert, Fabian. “On the Concept of History (in Foundation Models).” IMAGE. Zeitschrift Für Interdisziplinäre Bildwissenschaft 19, no. 1 (2023): 121–34. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.25969/mediarep/22316.

Offert, Fabian, and Thao Phan. “A Sign That Spells: DALL-E 2, Invisual Images and The Racial Politics of Feature Space.” arXiv:2211.06323. Preprint, arXiv, October 26, 2022. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2211.06323.

Paglen, Trevor. “Invisible Images: Your Pictures Are Looking at You.” Architectural Design 89, no. 1 (2019): 22–27. https://doi.org/10.1002/ad.2383.

Shaviro, Steven. “Why I Am Not A Musician.” Alienocene 14 (2024). https://alienocene.com/2024/08/06/stratum-14-ai-and-terraforming/.

Steyerl, Hito. “Mean Images.” New Left Review 140/141 (June 2023): 82–97.

Tessler, Michael Henry, Michiel A. Bakker, Daniel Jarrett, et al. “AI Can Help Humans Find Common Ground in Democratic Deliberation.” Science 386, no. 6719 (2024): eadq2852. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adq2852.

Weatherby, Leif. Language Machines: Cultural AI and the End of Remainder Humanism. University Of Minnesota Press, 2025.

Zylinska, Joanna. “Diffused Seeing: The Epistemological Challenge of Generative AI.” Media Theory 8, no. 1 (2024): 1.